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Fungal Diseases

Plum Armillaria Root Rot: Prevention and Control

by Gregory April 30, 2022

written by Gregory 3 minutes read

Plum Armillaria Root Rot: A Devastating Fungal Disease

Introduction

Plum armillaria root rot, also known as mushroom root rot or oak root rot, is a serious fungal disease that can affect a wide range of trees, including plum trees. This disease is caused by a fungus that attacks the roots of trees, causing them to rot and eventually leading to the death of the tree.

Symptoms of Plum Armillaria Root Rot

The symptoms of plum armillaria root rot can vary depending on the stage of the disease. In the early stages, trees may show signs of yellowing leaves, stunted growth, and wilting. As the disease progresses, trees may develop rotted stems and roots, with black, stringy strands growing on the larger roots. A creamy white or yellowish, felt-like fungal growth may also be visible under the bark. In the final stages of the disease, trees may die rapidly or decline slowly over time.

Spread of Plum Armillaria Root Rot

Plum armillaria root rot spreads primarily through contact between diseased and healthy roots. The fungus can also spread through the air via spores, which can infect unhealthy or damaged wood.

Preventing Plum Armillaria Root Rot

There is no cure for plum armillaria root rot, but there are steps you can take to prevent the disease from infecting your trees:

Avoid planting plum trees in soil that has been affected by armillaria root rot. The fungus can survive in the soil for decades, so it is important to choose a planting site that has not been previously infected.
Plant trees in well-drained soil. Trees that are planted in consistently soggy soil are more likely to develop armillaria root rot.
Water trees well, but avoid overwatering. Trees that are stressed by drought are more likely to develop the fungus. However, overwatering can also create conditions that are favorable for the fungus to grow.
Fertilize plum trees in late winter or early spring. Fertilizing trees can help them to stay healthy and resist disease.
Replace diseased trees with resistant varieties. If a tree becomes infected with armillaria root rot, it is important to remove it and replace it with a variety that is resistant to the disease. Some resistant varieties include:
- Tulip tree
- White fir
- Holly
- Cherry
- Bald cypress
- Ginkgo
- Hackberry
- Sweetgum
- Eucalyptus

Conclusion

Plum armillaria root rot is a serious disease that can cause significant damage to trees. By understanding the symptoms of the disease and taking steps to prevent it, you can help to protect your trees from this devastating fungus.

Additional Tips for Preventing Plum Armillaria Root Rot

Mulch around trees to help retain moisture and suppress weeds.
Avoid wounding trees, as wounds can provide an entry point for the fungus.
Keep trees healthy by providing them with adequate water, fertilizer, and sunlight.
Inspect trees regularly for signs of disease. If you suspect that a tree may be infected with armillaria root rot, contact a certified arborist for diagnosis and treatment recommendations.

By following these tips, you can help to keep your plum trees healthy and free from armillaria root rot.

Tree Care

Pine Tree Browning: Causes, Symptoms, and Solutions for a Healthy Tree

by Gregory April 13, 2022

written by Gregory 4 minutes read

Pine Tree Browning: Causes and Solutions

Pine trees are beloved for their majestic presence and year-round greenery. However, when pine trees start turning brown from the inside out, it can be a cause for concern. Understanding the causes of pine tree browning is crucial for preserving the health and beauty of these trees.

Environmental Causes

Environmental factors can play a significant role in pine tree browning. In periods of heavy rainfall or extreme drought, pine trees may struggle to absorb enough water. This can lead to browning of the needles as the tree attempts to conserve moisture.

Waterlogged Soil: Excess moisture can cause root rot, leading to browning needles and eventual tree death. Improve drainage by creating raised beds or installing drainage pipes.

Drought: During dry spells, increase watering frequency, especially in the fall. Allow the soil to dry out slightly between waterings to prevent overwatering.

Pine Needle Fungus

Various types of fungus can cause brown banding on pine needles. While fungal infections are not always the primary cause of browning, they can contribute to the problem.

Symptoms: Brown banding on needles, especially in the center.

Prevention and Treatment: Ensure proper watering and maintain good air circulation around the tree. Apply a broad-spectrum fungicide containing neem oil or copper salts if necessary.

Bark Beetles

Bark beetles are destructive pests that can infest pine trees, causing significant damage and even death.

Symptoms: Small holes bored through branches or trunk, sap weeping from the tree, sawdust-like material near the base of the tree.

Prevention and Treatment: Keep trees healthy and well-watered to prevent beetle infestations. Avoid planting pine trees near other infested trees. If an infestation is detected, remove the affected tree promptly to prevent further spread.

Other Causes

In addition to environmental factors, fungal infections, and bark beetles, other issues can contribute to pine tree browning:

Nutrient Deficiency: Lack of essential nutrients, such as nitrogen or magnesium, can cause yellowing or browning of needles. Fertilize your pine trees regularly to ensure they receive the nutrients they need.

Mechanical Damage: Physical damage to branches or roots can interrupt water and nutrient uptake, leading to browning. Protect your trees from lawnmowers, weed whackers, and other potential hazards.

How to Save a Dying Pine Tree

If your pine tree is showing signs of browning, it’s important to identify the cause and take prompt action:

Inspect the tree: Examine the needles, branches, and trunk for signs of pests, diseases, or damage.
Check the soil: Dig into the soil around the tree to assess its moisture level and drainage.
Consider environmental factors: Note any recent weather conditions or changes in the tree’s surroundings that may have contributed to the browning.
Consult an expert: If you’re unable to identify the cause or the browning is severe, consult with a certified arborist or plant health specialist.

Tips for Keeping Pine Trees Healthy

Prevention is key to maintaining the health and beauty of your pine trees:

Water wisely: Water pine trees deeply and infrequently, allowing the soil to dry out slightly between waterings.
Fertilize regularly: Apply a balanced fertilizer in the spring and fall to provide essential nutrients.
Mulch around the tree: Mulch helps retain moisture, regulate soil temperature, and suppress weeds.
Inspect regularly: Check your trees for signs of pests, diseases, or damage on a regular basis.
Prune selectively: Remove dead or diseased branches to promote healthy growth and prevent the spread of disease.

By understanding the causes of pine tree browning and implementing preventative measures, you can keep your pine trees thriving for years to come.

Vegetable Gardening

Anthracnose on Beans: Identification, Symptoms, and Control

by Gregory March 17, 2022

written by Gregory 5 minutes read

Anthracnose on Beans: A Guide for Beginners

Introduction

Anthracnose is a fungal disease that can affect bean plants, causing significant damage. It’s important to be able to identify and manage this disease to protect your bean crop.

What is Anthracnose?

Anthracnose is a fungal disease that can infect different parts of bean plants, including the leaves, stems, and pods. It’s caused by a fungus called Colletotrichum lindemuthianum.

Symptoms of Anthracnose

The symptoms of anthracnose can vary depending on the part of the plant that is infected.

Leaves: Brown or black lesions that may have a sunken center
Stems: Brown or black lesions that can cause the stems to girdle and weaken
Pods: Reddish-brown lesions that can cause the pods to rot and drop prematurely

Spread of Anthracnose

Anthracnose is primarily a seed-borne disease, meaning that the fungus can be transmitted through infected seeds. The spores of the fungus can also be spread by wind, rain, and insects.

Control of Anthracnose

There are several methods that can be used to control anthracnose in beans:

Cultural practices:
- Avoid planting beans in areas where anthracnose has been a problem in the past.
- Use disease-free seeds.
- Rotate your bean crops with other non-host plants.
- Keep your garden clean of plant debris.
- Water your beans at the base of the plants to avoid splashing water on the leaves.
Chemical control:
- There are no known chemical treatments that are effective against anthracnose on beans.

Resistant Varieties

There are some varieties of beans that are resistant to anthracnose. These varieties can be a good option for growers who are struggling with this disease.

Conclusion

Anthracnose can be a serious disease for bean plants, but it can be managed with proper cultural practices and the use of resistant varieties. By following these tips, you can help to protect your bean crop from this disease.

Additional Information

How to Identify Anthracnose on Beans: Look for brown or black lesions on the leaves, stems, or pods of your bean plants. The lesions may have a sunken center.
What are the Symptoms of Anthracnose on Beans: The symptoms of anthracnose on beans can vary depending on the part of the plant that is infected. Common symptoms include brown or black lesions on the leaves, stems, and pods.
How to Prevent the Spread of Anthracnose in Beans: Anthracnose is primarily a seed-borne disease, so it’s important to use disease-free seeds. You should also avoid planting beans in areas where anthracnose has been a problem in the past.
How to Treat Anthracnose on Beans: There are no known chemical treatments that are effective against anthracnose on beans. However, you can manage the disease with cultural practices such as crop rotation, keeping your garden clean, and watering your beans at the base of the plants.
What are the Best Ways to Control Anthracnose on Beans: The best ways to control anthracnose on beans are to use cultural practices such as crop rotation, keeping your garden clean, and watering your beans at the base of the plants. You can also use resistant varieties of beans.
What are the Best Anthracnose-Resistant Bean Varieties: There are several varieties of beans that are resistant to anthracnose. Some popular varieties include ‘Contender’, ‘Defender’, and ‘Tendercrop’.
How to Grow Anthracnose-Resistant Beans: To grow anthracnose-resistant beans, follow the same cultural practices that you would for other bean varieties. Be sure to use disease-free seeds and plant your beans in well-drained soil.
How to Use Cultural Control to Prevent Anthracnose on Beans: Cultural control is an important part of managing anthracnose on beans. Cultural practices such as crop rotation, keeping your garden clean, and watering your beans at the base of the plants can help to reduce the spread of the disease.
How to Use a Two-Year Crop Rotation to Break the Anthracnose Infection Cycle: A two-year crop rotation can help to break the anthracnose infection cycle. In a two-year crop rotation, beans are planted in a different location each year. This helps to reduce the buildup of the fungus in the soil.
What are the Benefits of Using Green Manure to Control Anthracnose on Beans: Green manure can help to control anthracnose on beans by improving the soil

Fruit Trees

Pecan Leaf Blotch: Symptoms, Control, and Prevention for Healthy Trees

by Gregory January 7, 2022

written by Gregory 3 minutes read

Pecan Leaf Blotch: A Common Fungal Disease

Introduction

Pecan leaf blotch is a common fungal disease that affects pecan trees. It is caused by a fungus called Mycosphaerella dendroides. While it is generally not a major concern for healthy trees, it can become a problem if the tree is already weakened by other diseases.

Symptoms of Pecan Leaf Blotch

The symptoms of pecan leaf blotch first appear in June and July. They primarily affect older foliage and weak or frail trees. The first signs of the disease are small, round, green velvety spots on the underside of mature leaves. On the upper surface of the leaves, pale yellow blotches appear.

As the disease progresses, by midsummer, black raised dots can be seen in the leaf spots. This is a result of wind and rain whisking away the fungal spores. The spotting then runs together to form larger, shiny black blotches. Small leaflets may also develop spots and drop from the tree.

In severe cases, the nuts will ultimately turn black and display indented spots. The tree’s foliage will drop prematurely in late summer to early fall. Once the nut has become entirely black, it too will fall from the diseased portion of the tree.

Effects of Pecan Leaf Blotch

Not only are the fruits wasted, but severe pecan leaf blotch infection can also result in a decline of the tree’s vitality and a weakened resistance to other diseases.

Controlling Pecan Leaf Blotch

There are several steps you can take to control pecan leaf blotch:

Clean up fallen leaves: The fungus that causes pecan leaf blotch can overwinter in fallen leaves. To prevent the disease from spreading, clean up leaves before winter sets in and remove old fallen foliage in early spring just as the frost is thawing.
Choose disease-resistant trees: When planting a new pecan tree, consult with your local nursery experts to choose a variety that is known to be resistant to pecan leaf blotch.
Use fungicides: Fungicides can be used to treat pecan leaf blotch. It is best to contact your local agricultural extension agency to learn about your options and the proper application methods.

Additional Tips

Spray the tree with a fungicide after it has pollinated. A good way to tell if this has happened is that the nutlet tips will have turned brown.
Apply a second spraying about a month later.
Inspect your trees regularly for signs of pecan leaf blotch and take steps to control the disease as soon as possible.

By following these tips, you can help to keep your pecan trees healthy and productive.

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